General Linguistics
Internet Resources

Links to Internet resources for linguistics

• The LINGUIST List. (n.d.). Web resources. Retrieved from https://linguistlist.org/sp/GetWRListings.cfm
• Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Biblioteca i Servei d’Informàtica. (2018). Guia temàtica: Traducció i ciències del llenguatge. Retrieved from https://guiesbibtic.upf.edu/trad

Dictionaries and glossaries

• Brown, K. (Ed.). (2006). Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/9780080448541
• Kerstens, J., Ruys, E., & Zwarts, J. (Eds.). (1996–2001). Lexicon of linguistics. Utrecht: Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University. Retrieved from http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/
• Pountain, C. (2007). Glossary of linguistic terms. Retrieved from http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cjpountain/linggloss.htm
• SIL International. (2003). Glossary of linguistic terms. Retrieved from https://glossary.sil.org/term
• Tuggy, D. T., & Brickford, A. J. (2002). Glosario electrónico de términos lingüísticos (con los términos equivalentes en el inglés) (versión 0.6). México: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Retrieved from http://www.mexico.sil.org/es/publicaciones/articulacion

Bibliographies

• The LINGUIST List. (n.d.). Bibliographies. Retrieved from https://linguistlist.org/sp/GetWRListings.cfm?WRAbbrev=Bibs

General resources

• The University of Sheffield, School of English. (n.d.). All about linguistics. Retrieved from http://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk
• Articles in the Domain of Linguistics. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/articles-domain-linguistics
• Linguistic Society of America. (n.d.). What is linguistics? Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/what-linguistics
• SIL International. (n.d.). Resources. Retrieved from https://www.sil.org/resources
• The LINGUIST List. (n.d.). What is linguistics? Retrieved from https://linguistlist.org/studentportal/introling.cfm

Courses

• Gasser, M. (2012). How language works. The cognitive science of linguistics (Edition 3.0). Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/
• Liberman, M. (2018). Linguistics 001: Introduction to linguistics (Fall 2018). Retrieved from https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/ling001/

Linguists

Émile Benveniste

• Pinault, G.-J. (2018). Émile Benveniste. In H. Bost & A. Brahim (Eds.), Dictionnaire prosopographique de l’EPHE. Paris: École Pratique des Hautes Études. Retrieved from https://prosopo.ephe.fr/emile-benveniste

Noam Chomsky

• chomsky.info. The Noan Chomsky website [Noam Chomsky’s official website]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://chomsky.info
• chomsky.info. (n.d.). Noam Chomsky [Official chomsky.info Facebook page]. Retrieved September 15, 2018, from https://www.facebook.com/Noam-Chomsky-294468630182/
• University of Arizona, Department of Linguistics. (n.d.). Noam Chomsky. Retrieved from https://linguistics.arizona.edu/user/noam-chomsky
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy. (n.d.). Noam Chomsky. Retrieved from http://linguistics.mit.edu/user/chomsky/

Morris Halle

• Dizikes, P. (2018, April 3). Institute Professor Emeritus Morris Halle, innovative and influential linguist, dies at 94 [Press release]. Retrieved from http://news.mit.edu/2018/institute-professor-emeritus-morris-halle-innovative-and-influential-linguist-dies-94-0403

Charles Hockett

• Gair, J. W. (2006). Charles Francis Hockett 1916–2000. A biographical memoir. In Biographical memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved from http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hockett-charles.pdf

Roman Jakobson

• Kerecuk, N. (2006). Jakobson, Roman (1896–1982). In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language & linguistics (2nd ed., pp. 83–86). https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/02649-3
• Lock, C. (2007). Jakobson, Roman. In P. Bouissac (Ed.), Encyclopedia of semiotics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195120905.001.0001/acref-9780195120905-e-155
• Roman Jakobson [Facebook page]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 16, 2018, from https://www.facebook.com/Roman-Jakobson-182473871813516/

William Labov

• William Labov. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/

Edward Sapir

• Darnell, R., & Irvine, J. T. (1997). Edward Sapir 1884–1939. A biographical memoir. In Biographical memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved from http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/sapir-edward.pdf
• Fought, J. G. (2006). Sapir, Edward (1884–1939). In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language & linguistics (2nd ed., pp. 752–753). https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/02867-4

Ferdinand de Saussure

• Bibliothèque de Genève Numérique. (n.d.). Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). Retrieved from http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/de-saussure/
• Ferdinand de Saussure [Facebook page]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 16, 2018, from https://www.facebook.com/FERDINAND-DE-SAUSSURE-15404487083/
• Joseph, J. E. (2017). Ferdinand de Saussure. In Oxford research encyclopedia of linguistics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.385
• Koerner, E. F. K. (2006). Saussure, Ferdinand (-Mongin) de (1857–1913). In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language & linguistics (2nd ed., pp. 754–757). https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/02868-6
• Saussurisme et sémiotiques. (n.d.). In F. Rastier (Ed.), texto! Textes & Cultures. Paris: Institut Ferdinand de Saussure. Retrieved from http://www.revue-texto.net/index.php?id=60
• Thibault, P. J. (2007). Saussure, Ferdinand de. In P. Bouissac (Ed.), Encyclopedia of semiotics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195120905.001.0001/acref-9780195120905-e-255

Linguistics and language blogs

• Language Log [Blog]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 16, 2018, from http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/
• Pereltsvaig, A. (n.d.). Languages of the world [Blog]. Retrieved September 16, 2018, from https://www.languagesoftheworld.info

Language and languages

Language diversity and linguistic universals

• Anderson, S. R. (2010). How many languages are there in the world? Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/how-many-languages-are-there-world
• Chung, S., & Pullum, G. K. (n.d.). Grammar. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/grammar
• Comrie, B. (n.d.). Language and diversity. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/language-and-diversity

Biological aspects of language

Origins and evolution of language

Human evolution

• Arsuaga, J. L., Martínez Mendizábal, I., Lorenzo, C., Gracia, A., & García García, N. (n.d.). Claves de la evolución humana. Retrieved from http://ntic.educacion.es/w3/eos/MaterialesEducativos/mem/claves_evolucion/index.html
• Foley, J. (2016). Fossil hominids. The evidence for human evolution. Retrieved from http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/
• Smithsonian Institution. (2018). What does it mean to be human? Retrieved from http://humanorigins.si.edu

Animal communication

Insects

• Priano, M., Pavan, G., & Manghi, M. (2013). Insects - Sound produced by insects. Retrieved from http://www-3.unipv.it/webcib/insec.html

Fishes

• Pavan, G., & Priano, M. (2006). Pisces, fishes. Retrieved from http://www-3.unipv.it/webcib/fish.html

Birds

• The Alex Foundation. (2018). Retrieved from https://alexfoundation.org

Mammals

• Pavan, G., & Manghi, M. (2011). Mammals, Mammalia. Retrieved from http://www-3.unipv.it/webcib/mamm.html

Primates

• The Jane Goodall Institute. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.janegoodall.org

Primate-human communication

• Brennan, B., Malakoff, D., & Visty, R. (Writers). (1999). A conversation with Koko [Television series episode]. In B. Brennan, J. N. Durrie, F. Kaufman, & R. Visty (Executive producers), Nature. Arlington, VA: Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oh1uhrdc6w
• Friends of Washoe. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.friendsofwashoe.org/
• Georgia State University. (2015). Language Research Center. Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwlrc/index.html
• The Gorilla Foundation – koko.org. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.koko.org
• Wayman, E. (2011, August 11). Six talking apes. In Smithsonian.com. Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/six-talking-apes-48085302/

Design features

• Coleman, J. (n.d.). Biological Foundations of Language 1: Language as animal communication. Retrieved from http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/animals.htm

Language and the brain

• Crain, S. (n.d.). Language and the brain. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/language-and-brain

Language acquisition

• Garmon, L. (Writer), & Garmon, L. (Director). (1994). Secret of the wild child [Television series episode]. In P. Apsell (Executive producer), Nova. Boston, MA: WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved from https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/genie-secret-wild-child/
• Joey Foo. (2013, January 14). Christopher & Language Acquisition [YouTube Playlist]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLF3378F342146AD08
• 87garcia87. (2011, August 24–September 3). El enigma de Kaspar Hauser (Werner Herzog) [Video files]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/user/87garcia87/videos

Languages of the world

• Hammarström, H., Forkel, R., & Haspelmath, M. (Eds.). (2018). Glottolog 3.3. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Retrieved from https://glottolog.org
• Leclerc, J. (2008). Les grandes familles linguistiques. In L’aménagement linguistique dans le monde. Québec: CEFAN, Université Laval. Retrieved from http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/monde/familles.htm
• Leclerc, J. (2017). Les langues du monde. In L’aménagement linguistique dans le monde. Québec: CEFAN, Université Laval. Retrieved from http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/Langues/acces_languesmonde.htm
• Pereltsvaig, A. (n.d.). Languages of the world [Blog]. Retrieved September 16, 2018, from https://www.languagesoftheworld.info
• Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (Eds.). (2018). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (21st ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Retrieved from https://www.ethnologue.com
• The Rosetta Project. A Long Now Foundation library of human language. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://rosettaproject.org
• Wikitongues. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://wikitongues.org

Links to Internet resources on the languages of the world

• Jones, T. (n.d.). iLoveLanguages. Retrieved from http://www.ilovelanguages.com
• Language links. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://linguistlist.org/sp/GetWRListings.cfm?wrtypeid=12

Language maps

• Dryer, M. S. (2017). Language family maps. Retrieved from http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~dryer/family_maps.htm
• Veselinova, L. (2007). Language maps. Retrieved from https://www2.ling.su.se/staff/ljuba/maps.html

Writing systems

• Ager, S. (1998–2018). Omniglot. The online encyclopedia of writing systems and languages. Retrieved from http://www.omniglot.com
• Lo, L. (1996–2012). Writing systems. Retrieved from http://www.ancientscripts.com/ws.html
• Scuola Normale Superiore, Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia, Tradizione dell’antico. (2008–2017). MNAMON, Ancient writing systems in the Mediterranean. A critical guide to electronic resources. Retrieved from http://mnamon.sns.it

Egyptian hieroglyphs

• Ross, K. L. (2011). The pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian. Retrieved from http://www.friesian.com/egypt.htm
• The British Museum. (n.d.). Writing. Retrieved from http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/writing/home.html

Cuneiform

• The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature project. (2005). Cuneiform writing. Retrieved from http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/cuneiformwriting.php

Maya writing

• Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies. (n.d.). Brief note about Maya hieroglyphic writing. Retrieved from http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/

Minority and Endangered Languages

• Comitè de seguiment de la Declaració Universal de Drets Lingüístics. (1998). Declaració universal de drets lingüístics. Barcelona: Institut d’Edicions de la Diputació de Barcelona. Retrieved from http://www.pencatala.cat/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/declaraciouniversaldretslinguistics.pdf
• Endangered Languages Archive at SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies), University of London. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://elar.soas.ac.uk
• Endangered Languages Documentation Programme. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.eldp.net/
• Euromosaic. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/
• Moseley, C. (Ed.). (2010). Atlas of the world’s languages in danger (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/
• Ó Donnaíle, C. P. (2016). European minority languages. Retrieved from http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/saoghal/mion-chanain/en/
• The endangered language fund. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.endangeredlanguagefund.org
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (1996). Universal declaration on linguistic rights. UNESCO, Culture of Peace Programme. Paris. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001042/104267e.pdf
• Wikitongues. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://wikitongues.org
• Woodbury, A. C. (n.d.). What is an Endangered Language? Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/faq-what-endangered-language

Signed languages

• Confederación Estatal de Personas Sordas. (n.d.). ¿Qué es la lengua de signos? Retrieved from http://www.cnse.es/lengua.php?id_seccion=1
• Family: Sign Language. (2018). In H. Hammarström, R. Forkel, & M. Haspelmath (Eds.), Glottolog 3.3. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Retrieved from https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238
• Fundación Biblioteca Virtual Manuel de Cervantes. (n.d.). Biblioteca de signos. Retrieved from http://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/seccion/signos/
• Institut d’Estudis Catalans. Secció Filològica. (n.d.). Portal de la Llengua de Signes Catalana. Retrieved from http://blogs.iec.cat/lsc/
• Perlmutter, D. M. (2002). What is a sign language? Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/faq-what-sign-language
• Perlmutter, D. M. (2007). ¿Qué es la lengua de señas? (C. S. Banfi, Trans.). Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/¿qué-es-la-lengua-de-señas

Artificial languages

• Hostetter, C. F. (2015). The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship. Retrieved from http://www.elvish.org
• Rosenfelder, M. (2012). The language construction kit (v. 2.0). Retrieved from http://www.zompist.com/kit.html
• The Klingon Language Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.kli.org

Linguistic typology

• Association for Linguistic Typology. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.linguistic-typology.org
• Dryer, M. S., & Haspelmath, M. (Eds.). (2013). The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved from https://wals.info

Language as a semiotic system

Ferdinand de Saussure

Semiotics and communication

• Chandler, D. (1994). Semiotics for beginners. Retrieved from http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/

Communication systems

Non verbal communication

• Gaviño, V. (2012). Diccionario de gestos españoles. Retrieved from http://www.coloquial.es/es/diccionario-de-gestos-espanoles/
• Givens, D. B. (2018). The NonVerbal Dictionary. Spokane, WA: The Center for Nonverbal Studies. Retrieved from http://center-for-nonverbal-studies.org/htdocs/6101.html
• Martinell, E., & Ueda, H. (n.d.). Diccionario de gestos españoles. Retrieved from https://lecture.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~cueda/gakusyu/gestos/index.html
• Tidwell, C. (2018). Non-verbal communication modes [Teaching notes]. Retrieved from https://www.andrews.edu/~tidwell/NonVerbal.html

Language, culture and thought

Edward Sapir

• Comrie, B. (n.d.). Language and thought. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/language-and-thought

Phonetics

Phonology

Roman Jakobson

Morris Halle

• Gasser, M. (2006). Word forms: Processes. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/PhonProcess/intro.html
• Kenstowicz, M. (2010). Language and its structure I: Phonology. Retrieved from https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/linguistics-and-philosophy/24-901-language-and-its-structure-i-phonology-fall-2010/index.htm
• Lessard, G. (1996). Chapitre 3: La phonologie. Retrieved from http://post.queensu.ca/~lessardg/Cours/215/chap3.html
• Liberman, M. (2018). Linguistics 001. Lectures 7 & 8 . Sound Structure of Language. Retrieved from https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/phonology.html
• Myers, S., & Crowhurst, M. (2006). Phonology: case studies. Retrieved from http://www.laits.utexas.edu/phonology//index.html
• The University of Sheffield, School of English. (n.d.). Phonology. Retrieved from http://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/phonology/
• The University of Sheffield, School of English. (n.d.). How is phonology studied? Retrieved from http://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/phonology/how-is-phonology-studied/

Phonological typology

• Koreman, J., Husby, O., Wik, P., & Bech, Ø. (n.d.). L1-L2map. Retrieved from https://l1-l2map.hf.ntnu.no
• Maddieson, I., Flavier, S., Marsico, E., & Pellegrino, F. (2014–2018). LAPSyD: Lyon-Albuquerque Phonological Systems Database (Version 1.1). Retrieved from http://www.lapsyd.ddl.cnrs.fr
• Moran, S., McCloy, D., & Wright, R. (Eds.). (2014). PHOIBLE Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved from https://phoible.org
• Reetz, H. (n.d.). A simple user interface to the UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database (UPSID). Retrieved from http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/upsid_info.html

Morphology

Leonard Bloomfield

Charles Hockett

• Bender, B. W. (n.d.). Morphological processes. Retrieved from http://www2.hawaii.edu/~bender/process.html
• Dryer, M. S., & Haspelmath, M. (Eds.). (2013). The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved from https://wals.info
• Gasser, M. (2006). Grammatical categories. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Inflection/intro.html
• Gasser, M. (2006). Derivation. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Derivation/intro.html
• Lessard, G. (1996). Chapitre 4: La morphologie. Retrieved from http://post.queensu.ca/~lessardg/Cours/215/chap4.html
• Lessard, G. (1996). Chapitre 5: La morphologie dérivationnelle. Retrieved from http://post.queensu.ca/~lessardg/Cours/215/chap5.html
• Liberman, M. (2018). Linguistics 001. Lecture 9. Morphology. Retrieved from https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/ling001/morphology.html
• The University of Sheffield, School of English. (n.d.). What is morphology? Retrieved from http://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/morphology/what-is-morphology/
• The University of Sheffield, School of English. (n.d.). How is morphology studied? Retrieved from http://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/morphology/how-is-morphology-studied/

Morphological analysers

Morphological analysis

Lexicon

• Lessard, G. (1996). Chapitre 6: La lexicologie. Retrieved from http://post.queensu.ca/~lessardg/Cours/215/chap6.html

Lexical databases

• Bond, F. (2015). Open Multilingual WordNet. Retrieved from http://compling.hss.ntu.edu.sg/omw/
• Duchon, A., Perea, M., Sebastián Gallés, N., Martí, M. A., & Carreiras, M. (2012). EsPal – Spanish Lexical Database. Retrieved from https://www.bcbl.eu/databases/espal/
• Guasch, M., Masip, A., Sunyer, E., & Boada, R. (2012). NIM. El buscador d’estímuls fet per i per a psicolingüistes. Retrieved from http://psico.fcep.urv.es/utilitats/nim/index_cat.php
• Guasch, M., Masip, A., Sunyer, E., & Boada, R. (2012). NIM. El buscador de estímulos hecho por y para psicolingüistas. Retrieved from http://psico.fcep.urv.es/utilitats/nim/index_esp.php
• MultiWordNet. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://multiwordnet.fbk.eu/english/home.php
• Princeton University. (2010). WordNet. A lexical database for English. Retrieved from https://wordnet.princeton.edu

Syntax

• Dryer, M. S., & Haspelmath, M. (Eds.). (2013). The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved from https://wals.info
• Gasser, M. (2006). Sentences. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Sentences/intro.html
• Gezundhajt, H. (1988–2004). Analyse de la phrase. Retrieved from http://www.linguistes.com/phrase/table.html
• Lessard, G. (1996). Chapitre 7: La syntaxe. Retrieved from http://post.queensu.ca/~lessardg/Cours/215/chap7.html
• Santorini, B., & Kroch, A. (2007–). The syntax of natural language: An online introduction using the Trees program. Retrieved from https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook/

Syntactic analysers

Syntactic analysis

Semantics

• Gasser, M. (2006). Word meanings. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Meaning/intro.html
• Hébert, L. (1999). Le petit glossaire du sémanticien. Retrieved from http://www.revue-texto.net/Reperes/Glossaires/Glossaire_fr.html
• Ladusaw, W. (n.d.). Meaning (Semantics and pragmatics). Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/meaning-semantics-and-pragmatics
• Lessard, G. (1996). Chapitre 8: La sémantique. Retrieved from http://post.queensu.ca/~lessardg/Cours/215/chap8.html
• Moeschler, J. (2018). Sémantique – Automne 2018. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/moeschlerjacques/enseignement/semantique
• Semantic role. (2003). In E. E. Loos (Ed.), Glossary of linguistic terms. Dallas, TX: SIL International. Retrieved from https://glossary.sil.org/term/semantic-role
• The University of Sheffield, School of English. (n.d.). What does semantics study? Retrieved from http://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/semantics/what-does-semantics-study/

Pragmatics

• Dan Sperber. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.dan.sperber.fr
• Gauker, C. (2004). Grice, Herbert Paul. In E. Hochstein (Ed.), Dictionary of philosophy of mind. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/minddict/grice-herbert-paul
• International Pragmatics Association (IPrA). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pragmatics.international
• Kemerling, G. (2011). John Langshaw Austin (1911–1960). Retrieved from http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/aust.htm
• Ladusaw, W. (n.d.). Meaning (Semantics and pragmatics). Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/meaning-semantics-and-pragmatics
• Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. (n.d.). María Victoria Escandell Vidal. Retrieved from http://portal.uned.es/portal/page?_pageid=93,694763&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
• University College London, Institutional Research Information Service. (n.d.). Prof Deirdre Wilson. Retrieved from https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=DSMWI94
• Yus, F. (2018). Relevance theory online bibliographic service. Retrieved from https://personal.ua.es/francisco.yus/rt.html

Sociolinguistics

Links to sociolinguistics resources

• Stockwell, P. (2007). Sociolinguistics 2e [Web links related to Stockwell, P. (2007) Sociolinguistics. A resource book for students (2nd ed.). London: Routledge]. Retrieved from http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/reli/weblinks_sociolinguistics2e.asp

General resources on sociolinguistics

• Wolfram, W. (n.d.). Sociolinguistics. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/sociolinguistics

Language variation

William Labov

• Thomason, S. (n.d.). Language variation and change. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/language-variation-and-change

Geographical variation

• González Salgado, J. A. (2010). Atlas lingüísticos en internet. Retrieved from http://www.geolectos.com/atlas.htm

Gender variation

• International Gender and Language Association (IGALA) [Facebook page]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2018, from https://www.facebook.com/InternationalGenderandLanguageAssociationIGALA

Language contact

• Valdés, G. (n.d.). Multilingualism. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/multilingualism
• Winford, D. (n.d.). Languages in contact. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/languages-contact

Language planning and language policy

• Leclerc, J. (2017). L’aménagement linguistique dans le monde. Retrieved from http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca

Language change

• Thomason, S. (n.d.). Language variation and change. Retrieved from https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/language-variation-and-change

Linguistics